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HUMAN BRAIN & AI : Complex working of biological brain & web like connection of neurons

what is nervous system ?

The nervous system is a highly complex part of an animal’s body that coordinates its actions and processes sensory information. It does this by transmitting signals to and from different parts of the body. Here are some key points about the nervous system:

  1. Components:

    • The nervous system consists of three main components:
      • Brain: The central control center that processes information, makes decisions, and coordinates various functions.
      • Spinal Cord: A bundle of nerves that runs down the back and connects the brain to the rest of the body.
      • Nerves: These are like communication highways that carry signals between the brain, spinal cord, and other body parts.

  2. Function:

    • The nervous system detects environmental changes (such as temperature, touch, and pain) that impact the body.
    • It works in tandem with the endocrine system (which uses hormones) to respond to these events.
    • The nervous system controls basic body functions like heartbeat, breathing, and movement.
    • It also plays a crucial role in intelligence, learning, memory, and the senses.

  3. Neurons:

    • Neurons are the building blocks of the nervous system.
    • They have special structures that allow them to send signals rapidly and precisely to other cells.
    • Neurons transmit signals in the form of electrochemical impulses along thin fibers called axons.
    • These signals can be directly transmitted to neighboring cells through electrical synapses or cause the release of neurotransmitters at chemical synapses.

  4. Divisions:

    • The nervous system is divided into two main parts:
      • Central Nervous System (CNS): Consists of the brain and spinal cord.


      • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Includes nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body.
    • The PNS is further divided into:
      • Somatic Nervous System: Mediates voluntary movement.
      • Autonomic Nervous System: Controls involuntary functions (e.g., heart rate, digestion).
      • Enteric Nervous System: Regulates the gastrointestinal system.
      •                  

  5. Glial Cells:

    • Along with neurons, the nervous system contains specialized cells called glial cells (or glia).Glial cells provide structural and metabolic support.

In summary, the nervous system is essential for communication, coordination, and maintaining homeostasis within the body.

what is brain ?

The brain is the central control center of the nervous system in vertebrates. Here’s a concise definition:

  • The brain is the portion of the vertebrate central nervous system enclosed in the skull. It is composed of neurons (nerve cells) and supporting structures like glia. The brain integrates sensory information from inside and outside the body. It controls autonomic functions (such as heartbeat and respiration), motor responses, and the learning process. In invertebrates, there are also nervous centers comparable to the vertebrate brain.            

Human Brain:   A Brief Overview🧠

  1. Cerebrum: Largest part of the brain. Divided into two hemispheres (left and right). Responsible for conscious thought, reasoning, memory, and voluntary muscle movement. Contains specialized regions called lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital). 

  2. Hypothalamus: Regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep cycles. Controls the endocrine system by releasing hormones.

  3. Thalamus: Acts as a relay station for sensory information (except smell). Routes signals to the appropriate cerebral areas.

  4. Midbrain:  Involved in visual and auditory reflexes. Helps maintain consciousness and arousal.

  5. Brainstem:  Connects the brain to the spinal cord. Vital for breathing, heart rate, and digestion.

  6. Cerebellum: Coordinates muscle movements, balance, and posture. Essential for skilled motor activities.

  7. Spinal Cord: Transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body. Responsible for reflex actions.

Remember, the brain is a marvel of complexity, and our understanding of it continues to evolve. 

                                                                  parts of brain

what is neuron ?

A neuron, also known as a nerve cell, is the fundamental unit of the nervous system that receives and transmits signals to different parts of the body.

Structure of a Neuron A typical neuron has three different parts:

  1. Dendrites: These are branch-like structures that receive messages from other neurons and allow the transmission of messages to the cell body.
  2. Cell Body: Each neuron has a cell body with a nucleus, Golgi body, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and other components.
  3. Axon: Axon is a tube-like structure that carries electrical impulse from the cell body to the axon terminals that pass the impulse to another neuron.
  4.                                           

Types of Neurons There are three different types of neuron:

  1. Sensory Neurons: These convert signals from the external environment into corresponding internal stimuli. The sensory inputs activate the sensory neurons and carry sensory information to the brain and spinal cord1.
  2. Motor Neurons: These transmit information from the brain to the muscles of the body.
  3. Interneurons: They help in passing signals between two neurons.
  4.                                     

Functions of Neurons    The important functions of a neuron are:

  1. Chemical Synapse: In chemical synapses, the action potential affects other neurons through a gap present between two neurons known as the synapse.
  2. Electrical Synapse: When two neurons are connected by a gap junction, it results in an electrical synapse.
Network of neurons

A network of neurons, also known as a neural network, is a group of interconnected neurons that send signals to one another1. This network is the main feature of the nervous system, which generates, modulates, and transmits information between all the different parts of the human body.

Functions of Neural Network

  1. Regulation of Vital Body Functions:
  2. Sensation and Body Movements:
  3. Signal Transmission: Neurons in the network transmit signals in both physical and electrical forms. The electrical signals transmitted by neurons are called action potentials.
  4. Information Analysis and Organization: Neural networks route signals through the brain along a linear pathway, analyzing and organizing different types of information within fractions of a second.

                                      


The behavior of the network depends on the strengths (or weights) of the connections between neurons. A network is trained by modifying these weights through empirical risk minimization or backpropagation in order to fit some preexisting dataset. Neural networks are used to solve problems in artificial intelligence, and have thereby found applications in many disciplines, including predictive modeling, adaptive control, facial recognition, handwriting recognition, general game playing, and generative AI.

                                 

  
this is basic idea to understand neural network 


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